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Objective:To investigate the expressions of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC16 in patients with first diagnosis of dry eye and their correlation with dry eye symptoms and signs.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted.Sixty-nine dry eye patients (69 eyes) as dry eye group and 40 normal volunteers (40 eyes) as normal control group were recruited in Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Shanghai Puotuo District Center Hospital from December 2016 to May 2018.Symptoms were evaluated by Chinese dry eye questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Dry Eye-Related Quality-of-Life Score Questionnaire (DEQS). Signs were assessed by tear film breakup time (TBUT), keratoconjunctival fluorescein sodium staining, and Schirmer I test.Conjunctival cells were collected by conjunctival impression cytology.The expression levels of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC and MUC16 mRNA in the two groups were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The correlation between the mRNA levels of conjunctival mucins and dry eye symptoms and signs were analyzed by Spearman correlation analysis.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University (No.2017003), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TREC2016-29), West China Hospital of Sichuan University (No.2016310) and Shanghai Puotuo District Center Hospital (No.PTEC-A-2016-18-1). Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before any medical examination.Results:The expression levels of MUC1 and MUC16 mRNA in dry eye patients were 3.277(0.568, 5.790) and 1.815(1.048, 3.694), which were higher than 1.055(0.550, 2.010) and 1.024(0.541, 1.965) in normal control group (Z=819.00, P=0.008; Z=861.00, P=0.002). According to OSDI scores, MUC1 was mainly increased to 3.277(1.161, 6.226) in mild to moderate (12-32 points) dry eye patients (Z=9.04, P=0.029), and MUC16 was mainly increased to 1.968(1.074, 3.726) in severe (>32 points) dry eye patients (Z=12.24, P=0.007). MUC1 expression was positively correlated with TBUT, and was negatively correlated with corneal staining scoring and keratoconjunctival staining scoring ( r s=0.270, P=0.025; r s=-0.331, P=0.006; r s=-0.325, P=0.007). MUC16 expression was positively correlated with TBUT, and was negatively correlated with blurred vision scoring, symptom exacerbation scoring during reading, impact scoring of driving at night, impact scoring of computer and impact scoring of TV use ( r s=0.249, P=0.039; r s=-0.359, P=0.047; r s=-0.370, P=0.034; r s=-0.558, P=0.016; r s=-0.498, P=0.006; rs=-0.515, P=0.002). Conclusions:The gene expressions of MUC1 and MUC16 are higher in conjunctiva of dry eye patients.MUC1 mRNA expression is related to patients' signs.MUC16 mRNA expression is related to the quality of life of patients.
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Objective:To analyze the clinical manifestations and signs of the first diagnosed dry eye patients, and to explore the concordance between the Chinese dry eye diagnostic criteria and the Asian dry eye diagnostic criteria.Methods:A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted.One hundred and forty-one eyes of 141 patients who were diagnosed as dry eye for the first time were included in Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Shanghai Putuo District Center Hospital from December 2016 to May 2018.All patients completed the Chinese Dry Eye Questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Dry Eye-Related Quality-of-life Score Questionnaire (DEQS) to evaluate the symptoms of dry eye.Tear film breakup time (BUT), keratoconjunctival fluorescein staining, meibomian gland morphology and function examination, and Schirmer Ⅰ test were performed to evaluate dry eye signs and the association between dry eye symptoms and signs.The eyes were divided into corneal staining positive and negative group according to the presence or absence of corneal fluorescein staining, and the dry eye symptoms of the two groups were assessed by the three questionnaires.The eyes were divided into tear-deficient dry eye, evaporative dry eye, mixed dry eye and abnormal tear dynamics dry eye to compare the difference of dry eye signs among the groups.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol complied with Chinese regulations and rules on clinical trial research and was approved by Ethics Committees of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University (No.2017003), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (No.TREC2016-29), West China Hospital of Sichuan University (No.2016310) and Shanghai Putuo District Center Hospital (No.PTEC-A-2016-18-1). Written informed consent was obtained from patients before entering the cohort.Results:The total score of Chinese Dry Eye Questionnaire, OSDI questionnaire and DEQS questionnaire was 12.00(7.00, 16.00), 25.00(17.50, 36.93) and 32.02(15.77, 52.34), respectively.It was found that 130 eyes (92.2%) had dryness, and 109 eyes (77.3%) had ocular fatigue and 108 eyes (76.6%) had foreign body sensation.Dryness, foreign body sensation, photophobia and poor vision were weakly positively correlated with corneal staining ( r=0.177、0.297、0.172, all at P<0.05). Pain, photophobia and poor vision were negatively correlated with tear secretion ( r=-0.178, -0.197, -0.174; all at P<0.05). It was found that 43.3% of dry eye patients had used visual display terminals.Among the 141 eyes, 75 eyes (53.2%) were with over evaporation dry eye, 43 eyes (30.5%) with mixed dry eye, 18 eyes (12.8%) with aqueous-deficient dry eye and 3 eyes (2.1%) with abnormal tear dynamics dry eyes. Conclusions:Initial diagnosis of dry eye patients is mainly mild to moderate.Dry eye signs and symptoms are correlated.Over evaporation dry eye is the most common type of dry eye.The concordance between the Chinese dry eye diagnostic criteria and the Asian Dry Eye Society diagnostic criteria reaches 97.2%.
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with the increasing prevalence of myopia in Chinese children, there are more methods for its prevention and control.Orthokeratology is one of the most appealing techniques for myopia correction.In recent years, an increasing number of hospitals have applied this technology, and its acceptance among patients is increasing.The safety of the orthokeratology have drawn increasing attention, especially in relation to orthokeratology-associated infectious keratitis.Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is one of the most worrying diseases.The onset of AK is slow, and its early clinical manifestation is particularly atypical, which often leads to incorrectly diagnosis, so as to mistreatment or delay of medical therapy, and subsequently irreversible impairment of visual function.Therefore, it is very important to reinforce the knowledge of its early symptoms in order to improve the early diagnosis level, and manage the associated risk factors.Early diagnosis and promper treatment can contribute to good visual outcomes.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution in mild-to-moderate dry eye patients.Metbods A prospective,multicenter,and self-controlled clinical trial was performed on 200 patients who were diagnosed as mild-to-moderate dry eye from January 2015 to June 2017 in Eye Institute of Xiamen University,Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Xiangya Hospital Central South University,Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University,and Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Eye Institute of Xiamen University,written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination.All patients were treated with 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution 6 times per day (one drop each time) for 28 days.Corneal fluorescein sodium staining,tear film break-up time (BUT),Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t),degree of conjunctival hyperemia,eyelid margin,meibomian gland secretion,secretory capacity of meibomian gland and subjective symptoms were assessed at baseline,on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.Bulbar impression cytology was evaluated at baseline and on the 28th day after treatment.Irritation of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution was estimated on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.Results The total score of subjective symptoms,BUT,S Ⅰ t,degree of conjunctival hyperemia were significantly different among different treatment time points (F =108.969,27.598,16.838,36.750;all at P＜0.01).Compared with before treatment,the total score of subjective symptoms was significantly decreased,the degree of conjunctival hyperemia and the total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number were significant decreased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.The total score of subjective symptoms,degree of conjunctival hyperemia and total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number on the 28th day after treatment were significant lower than those on the 14th day after treatment.Compared with before treatment,the BUT was significantly longer and the S Ⅰ t scores were significantly increased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment.The BUT on the 28th day after treatment was significantly longer than that on the 14th day after treatment;no significant difference in S Ⅰ t was observed between the 28th day and the 14th day after treatment.The scores of palpebral margin change,meibomian gland secretory ability and secretion characteristics were not significantly different among different treatment time points(H=0.255,2.356,0.294;all at P＞0.05).The impression cytology grade on the 28th day after treatment was 1.08±0.74,which was significantly lower than 1.53±0.76 before treatment (t =5.979,P＜0.01).The number of goblet cells on the 28th day after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment (U =1 806.500,P＜ 0.01).On the 14th day after treatment,70％ of the patients indicated that the drug was non-irritating,and no patient had intolerable irritation affecting daily lives.All patients had good tolerance to this drug.Conclusions The use of 0.3％ sodium hyaluronate eye drops can improve the symptoms and signs of mild to moderate dry eye,which can be widely used for mild-to-moderate dry eye patients in clinic.
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Objective To analyze the signs of Demodex infection on palpebral margin and to accurately evaluate the indications of the eyelash examination for Demodex,which can provide a reliable basis for the pathogenic diagnosis.Methods A prospective case observational study was performed.The general status,examine results of eyelash epilation for Demodex and local clinical features of patients clinically diagnosed as Demodex blepharitis from Dececember 2015 to March 2016 at Beijing Tongren Eye Center were collected and analyzed.Logistic regression was applied to analyze the correlation between the positive rate and clinical signs.Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were applied to compare the positive rate and the load of Demodex among patients with different clinical traits and different total number of concurrent signs.Results Eighty patients (960 eyelashes) were analyzed and 857 mites were detected.The Demodex positive rate of eyelashes with non-cylindrical dandruff (46.1％) and with cylindrical dandruff (45.4％) were higher than that without dandruff (34.4％),the differences were statistically significant (both at P ＜ 0.05).Eyelashes with dilated follicular openings,white spots at infundibulum of follicle,misdirected eyelashes and telangiectasia of lid margin around eyelash had higher Demodex positive rate and Demodex load than those without above-mentioned clinical signs,the differences were statistically significant (both at P＜0.01).The Demodex positive rate of eyelashes with scale was significantly lower than that without this sign (P =0.023).White spots at infundibulum of follicle and misdirected eyelashes were two major risk factors for mite detection (OR =5.588,P =0.000,OR=5.546,P=0.000).The positive rate and the load of Demodex increased as the total number of concurrent signs increased.Conclusions There are limitations in clinical diagnosis of Demodex blepharitis according to signs of cylindrical dandruff.Eyelashes with no cylindrical dandruff,white spots at infundibulum of follicle and misdirected eyelashes are three high-risk clinical indications of pathogenic examination in Demodex blepharitis.Eyelashes with higher total number of concurrent signs have high positive rate and load of Demodex during eyelash epilation.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution in mild.to. moderate dry eye patients. Methods A prospective,multicenter,and self.controlled clinical trial was performed on 200 patients who were diagnosed as mild.to.moderate dry eye from January 2015 to June 2017 in Eye Institute of Xiamen University,Eye &ENT Hospital of Fudan University,Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center,Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, and Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committees of Eye Institute of Xiamen University,written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination. All patients were treated with 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution 6 times per day ( one drop each time) for 28 days. Corneal fluorescein sodium staining,tear film break.up time (BUT),SchirmerⅠtest (SⅠt),degree of conjunctival hyperemia,eyelid margin,meibomian gland secretion,secretory capacity of meibomian gland and subjective symptoms were assessed at baseline,on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. Bulbar impression cytology was evaluated at baseline and on the 28th day after treatment. Irritation of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution was estimated on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. Results The total score of subjective symptoms,BUT,SⅠt,degree of conjunctival hyperemia were significantly different among different treatment time points( F=108. 969,27. 598,16. 838,36. 750;all at P<0. 01). Compared with before treatment,the total score of subjective symptoms was significantly decreased, the degree of conjunctival hyperemia and the total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number were significant decreased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. The total score of subjective symptoms,degree of conjunctival hyperemia and total corneal fluorescein sodium staining point number on the 28th day after treatment were significant lower than those on the 14th day after treatment. Compared with before treatment,the BUT was significantly longer and the SⅠt scores were significantly increased on the 14th day and 28th day after treatment. The BUT on the 28th day after treatment was significantly longer than that on the 14th day after treatment;no significant difference in SⅠt was observed between the 28th day and the 14th day after treatment. The scores of palpebral margin change,meibomian gland secretory ability and secretion characteristics were not significantly different among different treatment time points(H=0. 255,2. 356,0. 294;all at P>0. 05). The impression cytology grade on the 28th day after treatment was 1. 08±0. 74,which was significantly lower than 1. 53±0. 76 before treatment (t=5. 979, P<0. 01). The number of goblet cells on the 28th day after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment(U=1806. 500,P<0. 01). On the 14th day after treatment,70％ of the patients indicated that the drug was non.irritating,and no patient had intolerable irritation affecting daily lives. All patients had good tolerance to this drug. Conclusions The use of 0. 3％ sodium hyaluronate eye drops can improve the symptoms and signs of mild to moderate dry eye,which can be widely used for mild.to.moderate dry eye patients in clinic.
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Background Allergic conjunctivitis is common in clinical practice.But some patients,especially pediatric patients,are not diagnosed and treated correctly because of different classifications and other associated symptoms.A comprehensive understanding of the clinical characteristics of allergic conjunctivitis helps to correct diagnosis and management.Objective This study tried to analyze the clinical characteristics of allergic conjunctivitis.Methods A descriptive study was carried out.The clinical data of 745 cases of various classifications of allergic conjunctivitis who received treatment in Beijing Tongren Eye Center from April 2011 to March 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.The general status,disease history,family medical history,personal allergy history,medication history,disease course,attacked duration,affecting factors of symptoms,other non-ocular allergic diseases,other associated eye disease,the findings of the anterior ocular segment,treating outcomes were summarized and the correlation of age with symptoms was evaluated.Results In the 745 cases,75.44％ cases (562/745 were seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) and perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC),21.88％ cases (163/745 were vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC),2.42％ cases (18/745) were giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC),and 0.27％ cases (2/745) were atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC).The number of patients was most in July (180,24.16％) and least in December (26,3.49％).The itching was found in 53.02％ patients,redness in 36.64％ patients,blinking in 21.88％ patients.In the patients,58.26％ patients were ≤ 14 years,34.09％ patients were 15-39 years and 7.65％ patients were ≥40 years,and a significant difference in gender was found in various age groups (x2 =89.431,P =0.000).The co-morbidities appeared to be allergic rhinitis,eczema,urticaria,allergic purpura and asthma,and the ocular coexisting conditions included dry eye,refractive error,blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction,corneal epithelial disorders,triehiasis and anterior uveitis.Logistic regression analysis revealed that blinking patients were more and dry eye,foreign body sensation and pain were less in ≤ 14 years patients than those in the ＞14 patiens (3=-2.039,P =0.000;3 =1.585,P=0.001;3=1.174,P=0.003;3=1.218,P =0.037).The symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis were relieved by the administration of dual-acting antiallergic agent/antihistamine drug,glucocorticoid or immunosuppressor agents.Conclusions SAC and PAC are more common classifications of allergic conjunctivitis,followed by VKC.July is a high-occurrence duration and clinical symptoms are diverse and often accompanied by other allergic diseases.The administration of dual-acting antiallergic agent/antihistamine drug,glucocorticoid or immunosuppressor agents is an effective approach to the management of allergic conjunctivitis.
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As a possible pathogen of blepharitis,Demodex is gradually known by ophthalmologists.Demodex is one of the permanent small parasitic mites in human hair follicle and sebaceous glands,with high infective rate in human body.There are two kinds of Demodex that colonized in human eyelid:Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis.The life cycle of Demodex is about 14.5 days.There have been different views on Demodex as the cause of blepharitis.We performed a deep research on the pathogenic characteristics of Demodex and explored the relationship between blepharitis and Demodex.The clinical diagnose methods and diagnose criteria were also summarized to improve the clinical understanding of Demodex blepharitis,which provides a useful clue for the prevention and management of this disease.
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Background Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common pathogenic bacteria in ophthalmology.To seek an optimal antimicrobial method is critical for the prevention of infection.Objective This study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of riboflavin-ultraviolet A (UVA) on Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods Ten strains of frozen Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated to culture dishes and resuscitated for 2 times.The bacteria were put into bacterial dilution to prepare the suspension of 0.5 Mclntosh concentration and then the suspension was diluted 10-folds.UVA was used to irradiate the culture dishes added 0,0.1％,0.5％ riboflavin for 10,20,30 minutes with the exposure intensities of 1,2,3 mW/cm2,and the optimal bacteriostatic condition was evaluated by measuring the diameters of inhibition zone.Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were divided into normal control group,riboflavin group,UVA group and photodynamic therapy (PDT) group (riboflavin+UVA),and colony forming unit was compared among the groups.Results The optional experimental conditions of PDT inactivating microorganisms were determined as UVA wavelength 370 nm,UVA exposure rate 3 mW/cn2,UVA exposure time 30 minutes and riboflavin 0.1％.The colony forming units were decreased in turn in the normal control group,riboflavin group,UVA group and PDT group (F =110.990,190.841,118.197,all at P =0.000).Compared with the normal control group,the colony forming units were significantly decreased in the UVA group (t =14.640,7.550,5.320,all at P＜0.05),and the colony forming units were significantly decreased in the PDT group (t =25.480,14.750,12.920,all at P＜0.05).The colony forming units decreased by 46.4％-50.2％ in the UVA group and 91.6％-96.7％ in the PDT group.There was no significant difference in colony forming units between the normal control group and the riboflavin group(t =0.660,0.470,0.510,all at P＞0.05).Conclusions PDT can effectively inactivate common bacteria in ophthalmology.This result suggests that PDT has a potential in the treatment of microbial keratitis.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Dry eye is a multifactorial disease of the tears and the ocular surface. This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, pranoprofen, in the treatment of dry eye.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>It is a prospective, multi-center, randomized, controlled, parallel group study. One hundred and fifteen patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease (55-60 in each treatment group) participated in this multi-center study. Patients were randomly administered with eyedrops containing 0.1% pranoprofen (PRA) plus 0.1% sodium hyaluronate (SH) or SH only, three times daily for 28 days, followed by a 1-week after treatment observation. Dry eye symptom score (DESS), fluorescein corneal staining (FLCS), tear break-up time (TBUT), and Shirmer 1 tear test (ST1, without anesthesia) were evaluated or conducted before treatment and at each study visit. Conjunctival impression cytology was taken from the patients treated with PRA plus SH before and after treatment and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the changes of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Patients treated with PRA plus SH showed gradual improvements of DESS, FLCS, and TBUT. Between-group comparisons of FLCS and TBUT have statistically significant differences from day 14. Good tolerance with no severe adverse events was found in both groups. Patients treated with PRA plus SH had a reduced expression level of HLA-DR and were statistically different after 28 days of therapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The application of PRA at a dose of 0.1% was well tolerated and benefited to the patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease. The underlying mechanism of its efficacy may be associated with the reduction of inflammatory factors of conjunctival epithelial cells.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Middle Aged , Benzopyrans , Therapeutic Uses , Dry Eye Syndromes , Drug Therapy , Ophthalmic Solutions , Therapeutic Uses , Propionates , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
Background The study on the classification of fungi is very important for the diagnosis and treatment of fungal keratitis.Identifying the different species of filamentous fungi is a critical factor for the application of anti-fungal drug in treating keratitis.ObjectiveThis report studies the relationship between the genotype of filamentous fungi and the clinical factors.MethodsFifty-two patients with filamentous fungal keratitis determined by clinical and laboratory examination were recruited in Tongren Hospital from January 2006-December 2006.The lesions were graded on the severity of the corneal ulcer and the presence of hypopyon.The filamentous fungal keratitis was treated with topical and systemic administration of anti-fungal drugs or corneal transplantation.The isolates were cultured in potato culture and identified by morphological characteristics based on the Nelson criterion and genotyped by the rDNA ITS method.The clinical data was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsForty-eight species (eubacteria are bacteria,not fungi)of fungus were identified by morphological characteristics,and the filamentous fungi were divided into 4 types based on the phylogenetic relationships within the rDNA ITS of the 52 filamentous fungi.The morphological characteristics and genotype were confirmed in 48 strains of eubacteria and 31 strains of 52 filamentous fungi (90.3%).The 4 groups of fungi were classified by genotype as follows:group 1 represents 22 strains including 20 strains of Fusarium solani and 2 strains of Fusarium oxysporum;group 2 represents 12 strains including 8 strains of Fusarium moniliformis,3 strains of Fusarium proliferatum and 1 strain of Fusarium incarnatum;group 3 represents 5 strains including 1 strain of Fusarium moniliformis and 4 unknown strains;group 4 represents 13 strains including 10 strains of Aspergillus spp.and 3 strains of Alternaria spp.Significant differences were found in the disease duration (P=0.00),inducing cause (P=0.03),ulcer grade (P=0.01)and outcome of the anti-fungal treatment (P=0.035)when compared between group 1 and 2 with group 3 and 4.Conclusion Filamentous fungi that cause keratitis could be correctly identified by sequencing the internal tanscribed spacer of rDNA.There are significant clinical differences among the groups classified by genotype.
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Objective Trachoma is a preventable infective eye disease worldwide. The incidence rate of active trachoma in children can reflect the epidemical degree of trachoma in the location. This study tried to assess the prevalence and risk factors of trachoma in students at primary school in Wuqiang County, China. Methods An epidemiological survey was carried out in Wuqiang County in 2006. The investigators were from Wuqiang County Hospital and Beijing Tongren Eye Center and received special training. Primary school children aged 6- to 16-years-old were selected by a cluster sampling with the class shift as the sampling unit. Trachoma was clinically examined under the slim lamp and assessed based on the simplified classification for trachoma proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The C. Trachomatis inclusion body was detected from conjunctival swab of patients with trachoma using enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The questionnaire was performed in the examinees and parents. The survey followed the Declaration of Helsinki and written informed consent was obtained from the examinees. Results A total 379 cases with trachoma were determined in 1622 primary school examinees with the prevalence 23. 4% (95% CI:25. 5% -21. 3%) .including follicular trachoma in 81% and intense trachoma in 19% . The overall prevalence of trachoma was higher in female students than male ones (25. 8% versus 20. 9%, P = 0. 020). No inclusion body of the conjunctiva was observed. Sixty-four cases (38. 1%) presented the positive response for C. Trachomatis antigen by enzyme immunoassay, and 109 cases (64. 9%) were positive response by PCR. The multiple factors logistic regression analysis showed the risk factors for active trachoma included living location, suburbs and female and age(0R =0.763, 1.299, 1. 147 respectively). Conclusion Trachoma showes a disseminating procedure among primary school children in Wuqiang County. The prevention strategy should be made for related risk factors.
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Objective To review the distribution and shifting trends of cultured bacteria from the aqueous humor and the vitreous body. Methods A retrospective analysis on distribution of Gram′s stain, the distribution and change of isolates was performed in 522 specimens (aqueous humor,261 and vitreous body,261) of patients with suspected endophthalmitis during a 10 year period (1989 1998). Results The positive cultures were 119 (aqueous humor,44 and vitreous body,75) of 522 specimens. The average positive rate was 22.8%. Gram positive cocci constituting 45.4%(54) of total isolates followed by Gram negative bacilli,34.5%(41);Gram positive bacilli, 20.2%(24). In the positive bacterial cultures, enterobacteriaceae was the most common isolate, 18.5%, and the next was micrococcus, 16.0%; coagulase negative staphylococcus,12.6%; and pseudomonas,10.9%.Comparing the data from 1989 through 1993 with the data from 1994 through 1998, the frequency of Gram positive cocci had no significant change, while the frequency of Gram positive bacilli was decreased and the percentage of Gram′s negative bacilli was increased. Conclusions Gram positive cocci and Gram negative bacilli are the predominant pathogens of bacterial endophthalmitis. The percentage of Gram′s negative bacilli has increased for 5 years. It is very important to comprehend the distribution and shifting trends of these pathogenic bacteria for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.